European patent applications filed with the European Patent Office (EPO) can be filed in English, German or French. The patents granted are published in the language of the application; However, it is necessary to translate the claims into all three languages; Articles 14 (5) and 14 (6 of the CBE). Currently, in accordance with Article 65 (1 CBE), almost all of the 32 CBE states require that the European patents granted be translated into the national language of the designated state. The filing of a translation of a European patent with the National Patent Office (validation) is a prerequisite for the validity of the patent in the state concerned. Patent translation is expensive and system users have long-desired translation costs. The agreement was signed by ten countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. To enter into force, ratification instruments had to be tabled by at least eight countries, including at least France, Germany and the United Kingdom. So far, Monaco, Germany, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Denmark and France have tabled their ratification instruments on the London Agreement, while Slovenia, Iceland, Latvia and Croatia have tabled their accession instruments (accession will also be taken into account when the agreement enters into force). Sweden was ratified on 29 April 2008. [28] Translation requirements in contracting states that currently feel attached to the London Agreement are listed below: – Switzerland (CH) – Translation requirements for national validation Germany (DE) – Translation requirements for abolished national validation Denmark (DK) – Translation of claims into Danish; Translation of description in English or Danish Finland (FI) – Translation of claims into Finnish; Translation of description in English or Finnish France (FR) – Removal of translation requirements for national validation UK (UK) – Deleted translation requirements for national validation Croatia (HR) – Translation of claims in Croatian; Translation of the description in Hungary (HU) – translation of claims into Hungarian; Translation of description in English or Hungarian Ireland (UI) – Translation requirements for national validation from 3 September 2012 Iceland (IS) – Translation of claims into Icelandic, translation of description in English Liechtenstein or Iceland (LI) – Translation requirements for national validation Lithuania (LT) – Translation of claims to Lithuanian Luxembourg (LU) (LU) – Translation requirements for national validation Latvia (LV) – Translation of claims and titles of invention in Latvia (MC) – Translation requirements for national validation EJ of Macedonia (MK) – Translation of claims into Macedonian Netherlands claims (NL) – Translation of claims into Dutch; Translation of the description in Sweden (SE) – translation of claims into Swedish; Translation of the description in English Slovenia (SI) – translation of claims into Slovenian; The European Patent Office (EPO) recognises that translation fees can account for between 20% and 40% of patent filing costs in Europe.